دانلود کتاب غیررسمی بودن، تحرک نیروی کار و ناامنی – طرح مکمل دولت برای افراد آسیب پذیر

To most, if not all, people active in the anti-corruption industry, this transaction that I witnessed has all the features of a bribe. The nurse could (or should) have refused the money since she had already a salary paid from the state and was not going to declare that extra income. But such a gesture has a different meaning in a hospital in London and Kyiv. In the latter context, doctors would work long hours for a salary that is a fraction of what they need to get to the end of the month. This is why I provocatively suggested that hospitals in Ukraine were de facto private (Polese 2006a, b). Other researchers have regarded such payments as recognition of personhood (Patico 2002) or basis for a mutual dependency relationship (Rivkin-Fish 2005). Trying to set the boundary between corruption and solidarity in a context where the state is absent, I was once told “if I receive it, it is a gift but if I demand it, then it is a bribe” (Polese 2009a). This statement could draw a line between the two but, yet, some argue that payments are so embedded in people’s minds in a certain environment that patients feel some subliminal pressure to pay the doctors. The overall understanding of these payments is that patients could then expect to be served better or simply could think to be doing what it is expected from them (Gaal et al. 2006) would suggest that even “spontaneous payments” (when the doctor does nothing to solicit such payments) are not that spontaneous after all. At this point, one could say that whatever transaction does not pass through the hands of the state undermines credibility in institutions and eventually weaken a society.