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In this book, I follow Čapek’s terminological distinction between, on the one hand, what in the book’s title I refer to as ‘Bergsonism’, which desig­nates the oft-distorting popularisation of Bergson’s views, and, on the other hand, more scholarly interpretations of Bergson’s own work, to which I will apply the adjective ‘Bergsonian’. I do not, however, straight­forwardly adopt Čapek’s disparaging attitude towards Bergsonism. As a cultural phenomenon and as an episode in the history of philosophy, the rise and fall of Bergsonism is an unprecedented and unique case of a phi­losopher attaining such widespread influence while still alive, without posthumously becoming a canonical figure. In different ways, Bergson’s work would function as a Rorschach test both to those who enthusiasti­cally championed some of its popular renditions and to those who opposed them. The former tended to see in Bergson what they sought, the latter what they feared or despised.