دانلود کتاب چگونه ماشین ها صحبت کردند – فناوری های رسانه ای و آزادی بیان

The First Amendment that most Americans hold dear is an invention of the twentieth century. But what was behind this invention? The conventional explanation is that the set of expressive freedoms we know as free speech — the right to speak one’s mind in a public space, to engage in offensive and dissenting speech or gesture, to craft aesthetic expressions of our inner states or selves — was forged through social movements and changes in political culture and legal thought. These histories are concerned primarily with the boundaries and purpose of democratic communication (e.g., the various normative bases or “theories” of free speech in legal theory) or shifts in social and moral parameters of the law (e.g., what is obscene) — in other words, they focus on the “free” in free speech. But the very conception of what constitutes expression — or the “speech” in free speech — has also changed during this period. At the dawn of the twentieth century, the “speech” of free speech referred to oratory and printed material. It was a narrow category populated by public speakers, pamphleteers, authors, and publishers.