دانلود کتاب گرمایش و سرمایش با پمپ های حرارتی منبع زمینی در اقلیم های معتدل و سرد اصول و مفاهیم اساسی

Ground-source heat pump systems use the constant very low temperature of shallow ground/soil/rocks and groundwater or surface waters as heat/sink sources for efficient and environmentally sustainable space and hot water heating, and space cooling/dehimidifying of residential, commercial/institutional, and even equivalent industrial buildings. Depending on climate, the temperatures of earth (at a few meters below the surface), groundwater or surface water range from 7°C to 21°C, temperatures much higher during the winter and much lower in the summer than those of ambient air, especially in cold and moderate climates. Therefore, the energy efficiencies of ground-source heat pump systems in both heating and cooling modes of operation are higher than those of air-source heat pumps, and offer substantial potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for building heating and cooling applications, which may explain the growing interest in using such systems in many countries, especially in recent decades. Even though the installation costs of ground-source heat pump systems are generally higher than those of air-source heat pump systems for the same heating and cooling capacities, the additional costs are usually recovered via energy and maintenance cost savings in 7–12 years. Additionally, the system technical life is estimated at up to 25 years for the indoor components, and up to 50 (or even more) years for the groundcoupled heat exchangers.