دانلود کتاب سیستم ایمنی ماهی و واکسن

Aquaculture, being the fastest growing food producing sector, has grown leaps and bounds in the last few decades. The world aquaculture production reached 82 million tonnes, valued at USD 250 billion in the year 2018. However, intensification and diversification of aquaculture have resulted in disease outbreaks, leading to significant production losses globally. To counter the disease problems in aquaculture, as the use of chemotherapeutants is discouraged due to its possible impact on the environment, vaccination has emerged as a promising prophylactic measure. Although vaccination is a very common practice in human and animals, fish vaccination is being practised only for a few species in some of the countries. Nevertheless, to develop new prophylactic measures to prevent or manage diseases in aquaculture, a better understanding of the immune system of farmed aquatic species and their response to pathogens and vaccination is essential.