دانلود کتاب اقتصادهای نوظهور اروپایی پس از همه گیری

Between 2004 and 2013, eight Central and Eastern European countries with an overlapping historical background (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia) joined the European Union. These Emerging European Economies (EEE) have since gone through radical, uneven, and sometimes controversial economic, social, and political changes, which are not yet fully appreciated or understood. Several should now be considered advanced rather than emerging economies. Their success will have a fundamental effect on the future of the European Union (EU) with consequences reaching far beyond their borders. It is therefore of paramount importance to understand the events and phenomena they have been experiencing. Although there are a large number of articles, studies, and papers available on these economies, information and analyses are frequently partial, superficial, incomplete, and frequently no more than distorted political and policy noise. Based on wide comparative data analysis, the main aims of this volume are to provide reliable information about the state of the economy in the EEE before the unprecedented Covid pandemic and to identify the main problems, difficulties, similarities, and differences between them. Subsequently, the likely shorter and longer-term effects of the Covid shock are considered together with policy options. Special attention is given to the so-called ‘middle income trap’ as it seems to be one of the harshest threats the region has been facing. Unless credible and viable solutions are implemented to be more in line with the European Union’s averages and mainstream in the most important factors of the economy and society, centrifugal anti-EU forces may gain heavy influence among the people of the EEE. This volume is data-driven.Aparticularly strong emphasis is placed on presenting facts through available data. This approach also reveals where data is missing, incomplete, or misleading. Data may quickly become outdated; nevertheless, the general patterns, trends, and relationships appear to be remarkably stable. Therefore, we may learn important lessons from them. Our policy recommendations are also data-driven, often presented in an alternative form, without any political or other preferential bias.