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This book proposes a reconsideration of dependency theory, which achieved great prestige in the 1970s, then faced a decline, and began to reemerge in the current period. Taking stock of this approach requires clarification of, above all, its internal divisions. At its origin, its spectrum included the three main schools of Latin American economic thought. In the radicalized climate of the times, different types of Marxism, liberalism, and developmentalism shared the same self- denomination, creating an ephemeral kinship between oppos­ing approaches. Only the Marxist variant endured and developed a school of thought consis­tent with the pillars of dependency theory. Ruy Mauro Marini, Theotônio Dos Santos, and Vania Bambirra were its main exponents. They first reformulated old interpretations of underdevelopment focused on imperialist confiscation of the resources of the periphery, then combined this legacy with certain pecu­liarities of Latin America to explain dependent economic reproduction and the subordinate international insertion of the region. A completely opposite trajectory was followed by the variant inspired by Fernando Henrique Cardoso. It began with a Weberian view and conceived of dependency in restrictive political terms. After depicting the different levels of autonomy of regions and countries in Latin America, it rejected the basic conflict between dependency and development. Cardoso posited a path to development associated with transnational corporations, and later incorpo­rated all the dogmas of neoliberalism. His earlier affinity for modernization theories helps to understand the right- wing profile he adopted as head of state of Brazil – there was continuity of thought, not just improvisation, in the man who burned all his writings in order to occupy the presidential palace. The third variant of dependentism was the godchild of eclac (U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), and represented the most radicalized stage of developmentalism in Latin America. This variant had many exponents, but few unifying figures. It promoted a combination of dependentism and industrialism, promoted state regulation of the economy, and supported agrarian reform proposals. However, like its liberal adversaries, it later dropped its dependentist conceptual framework, which has been com­pletely associated with Marxism since the 1980s.