دانلود کتاب پیچیدگی سایبری – نمایی کلان از خطر امنیت سایبری

What does “cybersecurity” actually mean? A book’s title should reflect its content as a matter of principle if not professional courtesy. Specifically, is the use of “cyber” appropriate in this context noting the term is already a fixture in the English vernacular? To answer this question, it is helpful to explain its origins.

The first use of the term cyber was in Norbert Weiner’s famous work, Cybernetics.1 It derived from the Greek word kubernetes or “steersman” and has the same root as the English word “governor” as in the controller or speed limiter of a machine. The term cybernetics is a reference to the confluence of communication and control, which is the central theme of Cybernetics.2 Weiner, a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, coined the term in 1948.

Weiner recognized that “the problems of communication and control engineering were inseparable.”3 For example, the otherwise pedestrian task of eating with a fork is less appreciated as a problem in communication and control. The brain is iteratively processing positional data while updating the signals transmitted to the muscles that guide the fork to its destination. When viewed in this light, shooting down a missile and eating with a dining utensil are each exercises in optimal prediction.

Weiner made the profound revelation that the central focus in addressing such problems should be the signal message, which is characterized as “a discrete or continuous sequence of measurable events distributed in time.”4 Statisticians refer to these sequences as time series.