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Programming is a fascinating field that requires creativity, problem-solving skills, and curiosity. Python is a popular and versatile programming language that is widely used in various domains, from data science and machine learning to web development and scientific computing. Python’s clean syntax, vast ecosystem of libraries, and dynamic nature make it an ideal language for solving complex problems. Programming forces individuals to think logically and precisely, as the process of reaching the output must be formulated accurately. Therefore, it is essential to have books that provide programmers with the ability to solve challenging problems. On the other hand, books are also necessary to improve human thinking and reasoning skills to solve problems in daily life and work. Creative thinking and logical reasoning are crucial for solving problems, and this book aims to achieve two general goals: (1) improving thinking and reasoning skills by investigating and programming challenging problems and (2) enhancing Python programming skills by presenting challenging problems and solving them step by step. This book is for those who want to take their Python skills to the next level and tackle challenging programming problems. From a programming perspective, this book is beneficial for individuals with elementary, intermediate, and advanced Python programming skills and anyone who wishes to learn a programming language proficiently enough to solve complex problems. The basics of Python are instructed from the ground up in this book, with numerous examples, and challenging problems with Python codes, algorithms, and notes. We have attempted to achieve the two goals by presenting and solving 90 challenging problems from various areas. Each chapter focuses on a specific type of challenge, increasing the reader’s interest in following the challenging problems further. This book is divided into eight chapters, starting with the basics of learning Python programming language in Chap. 1, followed by presenting the necessary Python basics for programming challenging problems in Chap. 2. The subsequent chapters focus on specific types of challenges, such as math-based challenges in Chap. 3, number-based challenges in Chap. 4, string-based challenges in Chap. 5, game-based challenges in Chap. 6, count-based challenges in Chap. 7, and miscellaneous challenges in Chap. 8. This book’s audience includes students from all fields, ranging from zero to advanced levels, as well as teachers and individuals interested in improving their Python programming skills. Additionally, this book is useful for students planning to participate in programming competitions. After learning the topics presented in this book, the learner will be capable of coding challenging problems in Python.