دانلود کتاب اکوکاردیوگرافی بالینی

Over the past seven decades, clinical cardiology has demonstrated that Doppler echocardiography is a cornerstone of optimal practice. While many technologies come and go, those that endure prove to be truly essential—and echocardiography is one such technology. In the 1950s, Edler, with great humility, could not have anticipated that his invention of the first echocardiograph would one day become an “imaging stethoscope” in cardiology clinics worldwide, especially in the West. Over the years, dedicated scientists and engineers have continually improved this technology: adding 2D imaging to M-mode, then spectral and myocardial Doppler, followed by myocardial deformation and perfusion evaluation. The cross-sectional limitations of earlier technologies have now been overcome through 3D and 4D echocardiography, enabling accurate volumetric and valve assessments. In addition to its unique accessibility across all patient settings—clinics, hospital wards, intensive care units, emergency rooms, and operating theaters—Doppler echocardiography has recently experienced a significant increase in demand. Pediatric and fetal echocardiography are now well-established practices. Moreover, patients from respiratory, oncology, renal, stroke, and certain neurology specialties are increasingly referred for echocardiographic assessment. This wider application underscores the clinical necessity of understanding the interplay between various organ systems and provides more accurate explanations for symptoms and physical findings, while also guiding optimal management strategies. This third edition of Clinical Echocardiography has been compiled with updated 17 previously published chapters in addition to 5 new chapters, in response to the increasing demand by clinicians and physiologists. The book offers a clinical approach to the anatomical and physiological assessment of various cardiovascular syndromes, using different Doppler echocardiographic modalities, as well as serving as a reference guide for optimal current management.