دانلود کتاب تغییر اقلیم در آنتروپوسن

The Greek word for human kind is anthropos. The term Anthropocene was proposed over two decades ago by Paul Crutzen (atmospheric scientist and Nobel laureate) and Eugene Stoermer (biologist) to indicate a new geological epoch in which the intensity of human activity strongly impacted Earth Systems, thereby marking the end of the current Holocene epoch, and justifying a new epoch. The Anthropocene has not been formalized as a new geologic epoch and even the boundary between it and the earlier Holocene has not yet been agreed upon,but the termnevertheless has gained widespread currency in both the scientific and popular literature. This book follows the original suggestion that the Industrial Revolution marks the beginning of the Anthropocene, marked by the transition from a pastoral lifestyle to an industrial one largely based in cities (circa 1800 AD). This time frame corresponds to an increase in burning of coal and increased emissions of greenhouse gases,especially carbon dioxide.Based on ice cores, the preindustrial atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was about 280 ppm (compared to ∼420 ppm in 2020) and is commonly used as a reference point when discussing climate change. By 2017, the global mean surface temperature had increased by 1.0°C (±0.2) (1.8°F) since preindustrial times, and both of these reference frames are used throughout the book.