دانلود کتاب اقدامات قلب و عروق – پرایمر بالینی

Echocardiography is a widely used imaging procedure in patients with cardiovascular disease. The basis of echocardiography relies on the transmission and reflection of ultrasound waves from a transducer and interaction with different tissue interfaces to generate a digital image. The images obtained include M-Mode, 2D, 3D and Doppler (CW: continuous wave, PW: pulse wave, color and tissue Doppler) to define both normal and abnormal structures and pathologies. The uses include evaluation of the structures of the cardiac chamber walls, the systolic and diastolic performances of the ventricles, the structure and function of the native or prosthetic cardiac valves, evidence of pericardial effusion and constriction, the appearance of the proximal great vessels and inferior vena cava, and the presence of abnormal intracardiac shunting.