دانلود کتاب راهنمای کمبریج برای درمان شناختی رفتاری (CBT)

In the form most commonly applied in the UK, CBT arose out of the work of Aaron T. Beck in the late 1950s and early 1960s when he developed Cognitive Therapy (CT), now more commonly known as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy or CBT. The first and arguably most important landmark development in the founding of CT is the explicit commitment to psychotherapy as science [6]. The adherence to an evidence-based approach is fundamentally important and should remain so to any practitioner of CBT. Beck drew heavily on the scientific orientation of behavioural approaches and was also appreciative of the cognitive orientation of peers such as Albert Ellis, but differences in philosophy and adherence to protocol-driven approaches resulted in CBT and rational-emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) sharing some roots but taking different paths. Without question Beck was also heavily influenced by his original training as a psychoanalyst. Initially as a young man, Beck was more interested in neurology as a medical intern and as this specialism required a rotation in psychiatry he was, reluctantly, introduced to the area that would quickly become his life’s passion and work. In 1954, Beck joined the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania (PENN) in Philadelphia and he started to conduct research seeking to prove the efficacy of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Beck noticed, and was intrigued by, the importance thoughts appeared to play in the maintenance of depression in his clients. As he sought to find more effective methods to help his clients overcome their problems he moved further away from the theory and practice of psychoanalysis From the beginning, Beck sketched out the nature of negative cognitive distortions as being spontaneous, requiring little effort to generate, plausible, mood congruent, idiosyncratic and self-perpetuating. Cognitions were to be tested and evaluated rather than simply disputed providing a strong collaborative approach to CBT from the outset. As Beck developed his model of psychopathology he explored and described the impact of cognitive distortions identified as self-generating and punitive reflecting negative themes such as failure, inadequacy and so on. Beck set out to chart a coherent intervention for psychotherapy to systematically challenge distortions by differentiating the theme of cognitions in the content-specificity hypothesis where for example anxiety generating cognitions revolve around themes of threat while depression generates cognitions revolving around themes of failure and rejection.