دانلود کتاب سوخت های زیستی و تصفیه زیستی – جلد 1: فن آوری های فعلی برای تبدیل زیست توده

Until 2019, the economic sectors showed economic growth as result of population increase. Similarly, globalization contributed to such grow by allowing free trade at an international level at affordable prices and minimum delivery times. According to the World Bank, the world gross domestic product during the period 2010–2019 augmented 32.77%, from 66,126 to 87,799 billion USD (World Bank, 2021a). Nevertheless, in 2020, the emergence and spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) changed the world scenario (Liu, Kuo, & Shih, 2020). The easy spread of the virus generated a pandemic, for which there was no vaccine available. Therefore, prevention measures included isolating the population, which led to changes in consumption patterns and the breakdown of some supply chains ( Jiang, Fan, & Klemesˇ, 2020). Although the isolation measures contributed to saving people’s lives, which are invaluable, this has undoubtedly slowed down the development of economic sectors. On the other hand, before the pandemic society faced the climate change problem, which is caused for the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. According to the International Energy Agency [IEA] (2021a), the global carbon dioxide emissions increased in 9.5% during the period 2010–2019, from 30.4 to 33.3 Gt. In 2020, the emissions decreased almost 8% respect to 2019 (IEA, 2021b). Nevertheless, the forecasts indicated that the global energy demand can rebound to its pre-pandemic levels between 2023 and 2025 with a projected growth for energy demand between 9% and 4%, respectively (IEA, 2021c); the difference between the recovery time and projected energy demand relies in the implementation of clean technologies. In this context, the IEA, in collaboration with the International Monetary Fund, proposed a Sustainable Recovery Plan to be applied in the period 2021–2023 (IEA, 2021d). The Sustainable Recovery Plan consider as main objectives boosting the economic growth, creating jobs, and building more resilient and cleaner energy systems. The plan includes policies, investments and measures to accelerate the deployment of low-carbon electricity, increase the spread of cleaner transport, improve the energy efficiency of buildings and appliances, enhance the efficiency of equipment used in industries, development of sustainable production of biofuels, and boost innovation in crucial technology areas.

Until 2019, the economic sectors showed economic growth as result of population increase. Similarly, globalization contributed to such grow by allowing free trade at an international level at affordable prices and minimum delivery times. According to the World Bank, the world gross domestic product during the period 2010–2019 augmented 32.77%, from 66,126 to 87,799 billion USD (World Bank, 2021a). Nevertheless, in 2020, the emergence and spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) changed the world scenario (Liu, Kuo, & Shih, 2020). The easy spread of the virus generated a pandemic, for which there was no vaccine available. Therefore, prevention measures included isolating the population, which led to changes in consumption patterns and the breakdown of some supply chains ( Jiang, Fan, & Klemesˇ, 2020). Although the isolation measures contributed to saving people’s lives, which are invaluable, this has undoubtedly slowed down the development of economic sectors. On the other hand, before the pandemic society faced the climate change problem, which is caused for the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. According to the International Energy Agency [IEA] (2021a), the global carbon dioxide emissions increased in 9.5% during the period 2010–2019, from 30.4 to 33.3 Gt. In 2020, the emissions decreased almost 8% respect to 2019 (IEA, 2021b). Nevertheless, the forecasts indicated that the global energy demand can rebound to its pre-pandemic levels between 2023 and 2025 with a projected growth for energy demand between 9% and 4%, respectively (IEA, 2021c); the difference between the recovery time and projected energy demand relies in the implementation of clean technologies. In this context, the IEA, in collaboration with the International Monetary Fund, proposed a Sustainable Recovery Plan to be applied in the period 2021–2023 (IEA, 2021d). The Sustainable Recovery Plan consider as main objectives boosting the economic growth, creating jobs, and building more resilient and cleaner energy systems. The plan includes policies, investments and measures to accelerate the deployment of low-carbon electricity, increase the spread of cleaner transport, improve the energy efficiency of buildings and appliances, enhance the efficiency of equipment used in industries, development of sustainable production of biofuels, and boost innovation in crucial technology areas.