دانلود کتاب تنوع زیستی اکوسیستم های آب شیرین – تهدیدات، حفاظت و مدیریت

The water in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, a large variety of wetlands, or other water bodies outside the oceans is freshwater. The interrelationship of freshwater species and their natural and cultural environments are known as freshwater ecology. Freshwater ecosystems provide various plant and animal species, whose composition depends on food supply, oxygen, temperature, and sunlight. Freshwater ecosystems are essential biodiversity centers, though less vast than the oceans. Freshwater habitats include a large variety of plants, animals, and microbes. The smallest of these are the microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton that form the food chains based in the freshwater ecosystems. Some invertebrates, including worms and insects, also inhabit freshwater. Amphibians, including frogs, live on soil and water among freshwater vertebrates, while fish are solely a water residents. Many species of birds also live in or near a freshwater environment, such as kingfishers and ducks.

There are several ecosystems of diverse complexities within a wide range of freshwater ecosystem types, which sustain a diverse range of permanent and seasonal species that are adaptable to living in an often variable and extreme climate. The importance of freshwater habitats is high for many reasons. They offer humans essential ecosystem services and form a crucial component of the Earth with comparatively higher species resources than marine and terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of freshwater mega-biodiversity, India is one of the world’s largest diverse countries and ranks eighth. Freshwater biodiversity represents a significant natural resource in terms of science, education, and socio-economics. It gives human communities a range of valued services and products.