دانلود کتاب تعامل ورودی ساحل و مدیریت رسوب

One of the deadliest natural disasters in the United States occurred on a barrier island in 1900 when a hurricane struck Galveston Island, Texas. At least 6 000 of the island’s 44 000 inhabitants were killed (Bixel and Turner, 2000). This tragic event prompted the initiation of a landmark coastal engineering project in the United States: the construction of the Galveston Seawall and the subsequent raise of the island elevation through artificial fill (Wiegel, 1991; Wiegel and Saville, 1996). The tidal inlet separating Galveston Island and the barrier island (Bolivar Peninsula) to the east serves as the entrance to one of the nation’s largest seaports, the Port of Houston. Balancing navigation safety of the inlet channel and healthy sandy beaches along the barrier islands has posed a major challenge to coastal management in the past that continues in the future. Fortifying the island and raising the elevation may not be the choice of solution for today. Adaptation based on comprehensive scientific understanding and increasingly accurate predictions is becoming the modern and likely future approach. Multifaced adaptation can be much more complicated than structural fortification, involving the entire coastal community and multi-disciplinary knowledge in addition to dominantly hard engineering.