دانلود کتاب تفکر بدیهی II

This book originates with two events commemorating the centenary of David Hilbert’s seminal talk on Axiomatic Thinking (Axiomatisches Denken) which he delivered on September 11, 1917, at Zurich University for the Swiss Mathematical Society. This talk marks arguably the birth of proof theory as it was conceived by David Hilbert in the 1920s. It makes clear that the formalistic endeavor which one may find in the development of mathematical logic by the Hilbert school is, at best, a technical ingredient of a much larger enterprise which attempts to base every science deserving this predicate on a transparent framework of concepts (Fachwerk von Begriffen), developed and investigated by the axiomatic method. On September 14–15, 2017, a joint meeting of the Swiss Mathematical Society and the Swiss Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science on Axiomatic Thinking took place at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, the place where Hilbert had spoken 100 years ago. It was followed, on October 11–14, 2017, by a conference on the same topic at the Academia das Ciências de Lisboa and Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa in Lisbon which was also the annual meeting of the Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences. This meeting included a Panel Discussion on the Foundations of Mathematics with Peter Koellner, Michael Rathjen, and Mark van Atten as invited panelists. The current volumes contain contributions of speakers of both meetings and also papers by other researchers in the field. In accordance with the broad range of topics addressed by Hilbert, the articles in Vol. I focus on reflections on the History and Philosophy of Axiomatic Thinking; Vol. II provides in Part I examples of developments of axiomatic thinking in Logic, especially in Proof Theory, inspired by Hilbert’s ideas; Part II is concerned with applications of the axiomatic method in Mathematics; and Part III addresses the use of the axiomatic method in other sciences, namely Computer Science, Physics, and Theology. Our dear friend Thomas Strahm, an inspired logician, followed the development of this book closely. But sadly he is not here to see its publication. Thomas Strahm died at the end of April, 2021. We dedicate this book to him—an excellent logician, and even more a kind, sensitive, humorous and wonderful friend.