دانلود کتاب داروخانه مراقبت های سرپایی – دوره مقدماتی بازبینی و صدور گواهینامه

Learning Objectives 1. Describe hypothesis testing and state the meaning of and distinguish between p values, confidence intervals, and measures of central tendency and data spread. 2. Define, compare, and contrast the concepts of internal and external validity, causation, association, bias, and confounding in trial design. Select strategies to eliminate or control for bias and improve internal and external validity. 3. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various study designs (e.g., prospective, retrospective, case-control, cohort, cross-sectional, randomized controlled clinical trials, systematic review, and meta-analysis). 4. Determine why a statistical test is appropriate or not appropriate, given the sample distribution, data type, and study design. Interpret statistical and clinical significance for results from commonly used statistical tests. 5. Define and evaluate odds ratio, risk/incidence rate, relative risk, number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and other risk estimates.