دانلود کتاب تراوش هیدروکربن باستانی

Chemoautotrophic communities in the modern oceans were discovered only relatively recently when Lonsdale (1977) reported the first hydrothermal vent communities at the Galapagos spreading center in the Pacific Ocean. Immediately afterwards, paleontologists started to look for fossil analogs of such communities. The first fossil counterpart of hydrothermal vents was described from the Cretaceous of Oman (Haymon et al. 1984). It turns out, however, that hydrothermal vents, especially those with preserved megafauna, are exceptionally rare in the fossil record. Much more common are fossil deposits and fossilized remains of the animals associated with hydrocarbon cold seeps. Modern hydrocarbon seeps were discovered in 1984 (Paull et al. 1984) and shortly thereafter were identified in the fossil record (Gaillard and Rollin 1986). Since then, the number of hydrocarbon seep sites across the globe and geological time has grown and now there are several dozen localities identified. By 2005, the number of ancient hydrocarbon seep sites reached 75 in Japan alone (Majima et al. 2005) and is still growing. The first attempt to summarize our knowledge on fossil hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent faunal associations was by Campbell et al. (2006), followed by a book edited by Steffen Kiel published in 2010. The latter volume, entitled The Vent and Seep Biota, mostly covered topics related to modern seeps and vents, and fossil seeps constituted only a small part. In the 11 years since that volume was published, new important seep sites have been discovered, spanning many parts of the geologic record (e.g., Peckmann et al. 2011, 2013; Kiel et al. 2017) and including little-known environments and geographical regions (e.g., Hammer et al. 2011; Hryniewicz et al. 2012, 2015, 2019, 2021; Landman et al. 2012; Agirrezabala et al. 2013; Kaim et al. 2013; Kiel et al. 2013, 2020; Kiel and Hansen 2015; Meehan and Landman 2016; Nobuhara et al. 2016). As well, many known seep localities have been studied in much greater detail. As a result, it seemed an appropriate time for a new volume focusing on ancient hydrocarbon seeps.