دانلود کتاب فیزیک و شیمی باتری‌ها، ذخیره‌سازی انرژی الکتروشیمیایی

The upcoming climate change catastrophe stands for immense challenges for the global community and societies. In particular, to slowdown and reduce the steadily growing concentrations of climate gases like carbon dioxide, methane and others in our atmosphere and to stop the fatal increase of the global mean temperatures, an urgent transformation of our classical carbonbased energy supply and economy to a sustainable energy economy with renewable energies is imperative. In this regard, the modern well-developed technology based and driven societies are in great demand for the near-term realization of an effective and sustainable energy supply transformation, since historically, they are simply responsible for the global problems we are actually facing. The transformation to a sustainable global energy economy requires huge technological efforts. Therefore, the future engineers and scientists, who have to realize a sustainable global energy supply and economy, have to be very confident with energy related technologies – especially the prospects and limits have to be assessed carefully. Therefore, energy related questions have to in the focus of a modern scientific engineering education. Due to a nonuniform and sometimes unsteady ener gy yield, a large-scale renewable energy supply requires an increase and broadening of centralized and decentralized energy storage systems. According to these requirements, there are high expectations on batteries with regard to various energy storage systems in the near future. However, in engineering – especially in electrical engineering, the batteries are mostly regarded as a black box, though, this point of view is not sufficient and reasonable for the energy storage demands of the near future. Therefore, it is necessary that the knowledge about batteries – with regard to the basic physical and chemical mechanisms as well as the advantages and limitations of batteries – is storngly enhanced in frame of the qualification of modern engineers. By this book, the author targets this goal and intents to contribute to bridge the gap in engineering education – especially if applied engineering education is focused. The book is written for graduate students in the disciplines physics and chemistry and especially in the fields of engineering and industrial engineering studies with a focus on electrical and mechanical engineering, power engineering and energy management. It is not intended to provide a specialized book for distinguished researchers or experts in electrochemistry and highly sophisticated battery technology. The book is divided into five chapters, where Chapter 1 comprises introductory remarks. The main content of the book on electrochemical energy storage is presented in following four Chapters 2 to 5. In Chapter 2, some basics of thermodynamics are summarized starting with the explanation of relevant terms and definitions like systems, state variables, thermodynamic potentials, state functions and thermodynamic processes. Moreover, the thermodynamic laws are discussed including the Carnot process, although the Carnot process is not directly to electrochemical energy storage, but – from my point of view – should not be missed in a brief summary of thermodynamics. Finally, in Chapter 2 the chemical potential is explained, too. In Chapter 3, the basics of electrochemistry are elucidated. First, the terms and definitions in the context of electrolytes are discussed: Beside the definition and description of str ong and weak electrolytes, general characteristics of solutions and solvation are described. Moreover, the physical properties like ionic mobility and conductivity, molar conductivity and ion diffusion are discussed, too. Then electrochemical electrodes are discussed in detail. In this context, the interface region between the electrode and the electrolyte is described, i.e. in particular the so-called Helmholtz layer and the Helmholtz double layer. Then, the standard hydrogen electrode is presented that is very important for the establishment of the galvanic series and the standard electrode potential. In the next step of the discussions in Chapter 3, the description of electrochemical cells leads to the definition of galvanic cells. The thermodynamic basics of electrochemical cells (including galvanic cells), the Nernst equation, the galvanic series and the standard electrode potential are discussed in detail. Finally, the principles of electrochemical reactions and energy storage are elucidated; and the principle mechanisms of galvanic cells ar e discussed with the help of a copper-silver galvanic cell as a first example. Chapter 4 is devoted to batteries. We start with comprehensive definitions of battery parameters, i.e. the description of the nominal current, the discharging and charging currents, the nominal discharging time, the capacity and nominal capacity,C – rate, nominal voltage, nominal specific or volumetric ener gy and power densities, efficiencies, lifetime, self-discharge, etc. The Ragone diagram for the comparison of various battery types is also presented. After these detailed introductory remarks, the mechanisms and characteristics of batteries are discussed in detail starting with historical primary and secondary batteries like the voltaic pile, the Daniell cell, the Leclanché cell and the Planté cell. After this historical excursion, technically important primary batteries (zinc-carbon and zinc-chloride cells, alkaline batteries, mercury and silver-oxide batteries, zinc-air and aluminum-air batteries, lithium batteries, lithium ir on phosphate and sodium-batteries) and secondary batteries ar e discussed (lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium- batteries, nickel-metalhydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries). Moreover, overcharging and overdischarging processes are discussed for several important batteries as well as thermal runaway events in lithium-ion and sodium batteries, too. In Chapter 5, a few aspects will be discussed that are not directly related to physics and chemistry of batteries. However, those aspects have a strong relevance concerning the steady growth of battery fabrication. In particular, in Chapter 5 we want to emphasize for the example of lithium-ion batteries the exploitation and production of the important electrode materials; and we give a brief overview of the materials reserves and resources for the future demand of lithium-ion batteries. The exploitation and production of lithium is described for the two extraction process routes, i.e. the extraction from minerals and from brine, where lithium production from brine is the significant one. The peculiarities of the exploitation and production of the important materials for the positive electorde from various ores (i.e. cobalt, nickel, manganese), and the exploitation and production of graphite for the negative electrode are discussed, too. At this point, it remains for me to acknowledge the awesome support of my former student assistant: Many thanks to Anna Michel (née Fuchs) for the layout and preparation of the most of the graphs and figures. I am also very thankful to my peers at the De Gruyter Brill publishing house. In particular, I want to thank Karin Sora (Vice President STEM – Strategy and Publishing Program Development) and Nadja Schedensack (Project Editor) for their encouragement, professional support and advice. Finally, and most important, I want to say thank you very much to my wife Barbara, who – as always – strongly supported me by her encouragement and patience.