دانلود کتاب ابزار دقیق و کنترل هسته‌ای

Nuclear reactors harness the energy released in nuclear fission of heavy nuclei such as the uranium and plutonium nuclei. A number of nuclear reactors of different designs, physical sizes, and capacities are operational in the world, generating nuclear energy for electrical power production in a nuclear power plant (NPP), while many others are used for nuclear research and production of isotopes for numerous applications, e.g., for medical diagnosis and therapy, agriculture, and food preservation, to name a few. The operation of the first nuclear reactor was demonstrated in the early 1940s, and the first commercial nuclear power station started operating in 1950s. The knowledge in the field of nuclear science and engineering has grown ever since. This monograph is a compilation of the advanced knowledge contributed through recent research and experience in mathematical modeling, instrumentation and control design, and operation of nuclear reactors in India. However, some fundamentals have also been included with the intent to make the book self-contained. In it, there are 11 chapters covering radiation monitoring, neutron detectors, thermal and fast reactor instrumentation, gamma detectors for material characterization and imaging, nuclear reactor kinetics and control. Radiation monitoring systems play a critical role in protecting human health, safeguarding the environment, ensuring regulatory compliance, enhancing emergency preparedness, supporting medical applications, strengthening nuclear security, facilitating research, and advancing public awareness and education about radiation risks and safety measures. By continuously monitoring radiation levels and assessing potential risks, these systems contribute to the safe and responsible use of ionizing radiation in various applications and industries. A comprehensive exploration of radiation monitoring systems in NPPs which includes monitoring locations, types of monitoring, and post-accident monitoring systems, is presented in the monograph. Measurements in nuclear facilities are of utmost importance for ensuring safe, efficient, and reliable operation as they provide essential information for monitoring reactor conditions, controlling power generation, and maintaining safety systems. Number of parameters that are important for the control and safety of a reactor, include neutron flux, primary coolant inlet and outlet temperatures, coolant channel temperature, moderator temperature, fuel surface temperature, primary system pressure, steam pressure, primary coolant flow rate, steam flow, feed water flow, control, absorber rod position, etc. Among these parameters, the neutron flux is the most important signal in operating the reactor. The need of measuring neutron flux, principles, and types of neutron detectors and its associated signal processing and instrumentation are exclusively brought out in this monograph. From the inception of nuclear energy, role of the sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) and its fuel cycle has been recognized for long-term sustainability of nuclear power. SFR technology provides large measures of reactor safety, large thermal efficiency, and high fuel breeding ratio. This leads to better fuel utilization and therefore better economics in power production. A chapter in this monograph deals with various measurement techniques specific to SFR. It also presents the guidelines for designing and deploying safety instrumentation and control systems for SFR. Radiations are extensively used for advanced materials characterization, medical diagnosis, and specialized medical treatments. Two chapters in this book, provide an overall view of the developments and applications of gamma rays for different advanced materials’ characterization studies and also for the studies of biological problems. Scintillation detectors work on the principle of production of visible light due to the interaction of radiation within the active volume of the detector followed by the detection of the light by a photosensor. Inorganic scintillation detectors, in particular, are well known to detect gamma rays with better efficiency and reasonably good resolution. A chapter in this book deliberates upon a few measurement techniques to study the energy resolution and detection efficiency of inorganic scintillation detectors for gamma rays. Mathematical modeling is an important step in study of physical systems. With this motivation, the point kinetics model of nuclear reactors and its representation in the standard state-space form which is suitable for control analysis and design is presented in this monograph. Further, the reactor behavior has been studied with the nonlinear and linearized models. Interval techniques have been used in designing robust controller for the reactors under uncertainties in modeling and measurement parameters. Interval-based controller design for both the pressurized heavy water and the pressurized water reactors are presented. The recent developments in robotic systems have attracted significant interest in both new and legacy builds in nuclear applications. The control of robots in complex hazardous nuclear environments needs to be developed to overcome its many challenges. A chapter in this book focusses on safety-related control systems involving robots in the nuclear sector. While writing the chapters, the language has been kept simple and disposition sufficiently detailed so as to be able to disseminate the knowledge effectively to a student not having exposure to specialized knowledge in nuclear science and engineering. As a result, it is expected to be useful to a wide class of learners— undergraduate and graduate students as well as the practicing nuclear engineers and scientists.