دانلود کتاب نظریه ارزش مارکس در مرزها -اقتصاد سیاسی کلاسیک، امپریالیسم و ​​فروپاشی زیست‌محیطی

This book is about the law of value, a term that captures the processes that make possible the reproduction of capitalist society, which is segmented into private, competing, autonomous, and fragmented economic units on the basis of the private ownership of the means of production. These units are cemented together into a society through the social division of labor and exchange. In the absence of direct regulation of the social division of labor (which could take place through social hierarchies mediated through traditional bonds, kinship, or economic planning in its various forms), its ceaseless adjustment is secured a posteriori with reference to signals that become observable through the act of exchange, such as wages, prices, profit rates, and so forth. Products of labor confront each other in the moment of exchange as equivalents, not in terms of their social usefulness but in terms of their values. In a nutshell, the law of value reflects the interactions between these partial processes, which are, in their unity, constitutive of the working of the capitalist mode of production. The book advances a vision of how to study the economy based on the social relations of production, a vision that marks the work of classical political economists,1 particularly Karl Marx, and one that has long been marginalized, if not flatly dismissed, by the contemporary discipline of economics. In its most enhanced form, this vision is captured by Marx’s value theory, which denotes the theorization of the law of value as the principal mechanism regulating capitalist commodity production. By implication, this is a book about Marx’s value theory, which builds upon the key insights of classical political economists, especially Adam Smith and David Ricardo. We intend to contribute to the understanding of capitalist commodity production as driven by the socially and environmentally indifferent imperative of accumulation. That imperative is an inherently polarizing, competitive process that pits capitalists against capitalists, capitalists against workers, workers against workers, states against states, and capital against nonhuman natures. Notwithstanding the chaotic, conflictual, and dynamic nature of this process consisting of ceaseless reciprocal interactions of autonomous units, certain quantitative regularities (such as the turbulent equalization of profit rates on new investment or the ultimate regulation of market prices by total labor requirements) emerge and persist, which reflect the relationship between the spheres of exchange and production, lending support to the materialistic understanding of history. The book studies such quantitative regularities in the domain of prices from the broader viewpoint of Marxist value theory. This book is also a handbook for practitioners. Empirical and computational value analysis has been important in the contemporary revival of classical political economics for decades. Steady development of the methodology and availability of more detailed and more frequent data enabled significant original contributions in recent years. We use a consistent model of values and prices based on the large ecologically enhanced multiregional input-output tables from the EXIOBASE project to analyze not only the regular relationship between market prices, production prices, and direct prices but also regularities in their deviations through the turbulent equalization of market prices around production prices, through international value transfers in relation to imperialism, and through the role of ground rent in the context of the ecological breakdown. We lay out the theoretical model step by step, explain the structure of the data, and explain our interpretation of the results, not only to corroborate Marxist value theory but also to enable readers to apply the method to their own questions.