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Over the last few years there have been repeated reports of dipolar anisotropies in a variety of cosmological observations and in direct conflict with the standard ( CDM) cosmological model. These claims include dipolar anisotropies in key cosmological parameters, such as the Hubble and the deceleration parameter, as well as in the number counts of distant astrophysical sources, like quasars for example. In view of these reports, the emerging question is whether the associated observations reflect some underlying generic anisotropy of the universe we live in, whether they are relatively late-time additions, triggered by the ongoing process of structure formation in particular, or whether they are mere artefacts of our gross misinterpretation of the data. The aim of these proceedings is to review the above mentioned issues, both from the observational and from the theoretical point of view, to consider possible explanations and to discuss their potential implications for the future of cosmological research. For instance, if the reported dipoles are signatures of real spacetime anisotropy, we might need to seriously reconsider our current cosmological paradigm and perhaps even the validity of the cosmological principle and of the Friedmann models themselves. On the other hand, assuming that the aforementioned dipolar anisotropies are due to our misinterpretation of the cosmological data, we should probably need to review our scenarios of large-scale structure formation and the late-time history of the cosmos. Both alternatives carry profound implications that could prove pivotal for our understanding of the nature and the evolution of the universe we live in. The volume in hand provides a cutting-edge approach to some of modern cosmology’s most intriguing challenges. This is achieved by means of a comprehensive and complementary collection of contributing chapters, which bridge theoretical frameworks with observational evidence, offering fresh perspectives on issues such as the universal acceleration, dark energy, cosmic isotropy and structure formation. The proceedings appeal to a broad audience of researchers working in both theoretical and observational cosmology, with experience and expertise levels ranging from that of senior researchers to those of postgraduate students. Advanced undergraduates, with interests in cosmology, should also be able to follow and appreciate the majority of the chapters. The same is also true for astrophysicists and physicists with expertise other than cosmology.