دانلود کتاب پزشکی جنسی/ جنسیت خاص در مناطق بالینی

In the era of COVID-19, over 50% of the world’s population has been vaccinated. However, I wondered whether the effect of COVID vaccination is equally effective for a man with 185 cm height/110 kg weight and a woman with 145 cm/40 kg. Maybe the effect will be different in terms of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which are affected by sex factors such as total body water or fat composition. In addition, the side effects after vaccination were reported to be different depending on sex/gender. For example, the anaphylaxis rate of COVID-19 vaccination was 2.85 times higher in females than in males in South Korea suggesting the difference in immune mechanism. While physicians tend to agree that children are not miniature adults, few recognize that women are not simply smaller than men. Until recently, women and men had been considered to be the same except for reproductive organs. In the 1980s and 1990s, the realization that medicine as a whole— including the diagnosis and treatment of diseases—is male-centered which led to a focus on women’s health such as endocrine and reproductive systems. With new studies of sex/gender differences in diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia, sex/gender became recognized as an important biological variable. Although many researchers and clinicians believe that sex differences are already well understood, experts point out that even where females and males are included in a study in equal numbers, data are frequently not analyzed according to sex. As a result, medical studies tend to present an “average” for each disease—an average that may not accurately describe either females or males. This issue is very important because studies that fail to disaggregate and analyze data by sex miss specific disease mechanisms and treatments for women, men, and non-binary people. This is a big loss for the research field as well as clinical settings. Nowadays, it has become clear that estrogen receptors (ERs) have widespread effects in numerous cells throughout the body, not just in reproductive organs. This means that differences between females and males in estrogen levels impact all kinds of cells in our body beyond the reproductive system. The testosterone and androgen receptor might be similar, which had been less focused so far. In light of these findings, researchers began to actively investigate conditions where the disease incidence is higher in one sex, or where clinical manifestation is different between women and men even in cases where the disease incidence is similar. In addition, recently physicians need to pay more attention to non- binary people, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals who experience higher rates of health disparities.