دانلود کتاب انقلاب مصر در سال 1919

On December 1, 2010, I left my home in Oxford with my family to travel to Cairo, Egypt. Our reasons for relocating were rather mundane, and, looking back, rather counter-intuitive. Oxford is hardly the busiest place in the United Kingdom, let alone more generally, but I think after having recently had our first child, my wife and I were keen to go to a place we generally found stable, quiet, not particularly expensive, and where we both had family ties. Of course, we soon found that “quiet” was not the word that would characterize our immediate future. A few weeks after arriving in Cairo, Tunisia’s president was forced from power and into exile. A few weeks after that, the protests in Cairo began against then Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. And days later, I found myself in the “Square of Liberation”—Tahrir Square, in downtown Cairo. I have gone into some depth about my own views and experiences pertaining to that revolutionary uprising of 2011; what preceded it; what followed it; the main themes around it; and this is not the place to rehearse or repeat those discussions. What I thought important about those experiences is that they ought to be written and analyzed, so that in the future we might be able, as historians and as political scientists, to understand what happened and why. Particularly against the backdrop of so much historical revisionism, in such a short period of time, I wrote A Revolution Undone: Egypt’s Road beyond Revolt. There are other books as well, with excellent points made, that take on aspects of the years following the uprising, and there is little doubt in my mind that the discussions around that period will continue for years to come. But one question continues to occupy the scene when the revolutionary uprising of 2011 in Egypt is raised: Was the revolution successful? Of course, the easy answer to that question relies purely on what one might mean by “revolution.” If one defines it as the removal of the top echelon of power in any given political dispensation, then one could argue that 2011 was successful, because it led to the departure of Mubarak from the presidency. On the other hand, if, like for this author, the definition of “revolution” is far more expansive than that, then the assessment might differ quite substantially. Those are items we consider only a few short years after the uprising itself took place in 2011; and if one separates the eleven days of uprising from the revolution itself, which many in Egypt considered to outlast the uprising itself, then we come to yet more questions. And perhaps fewer and fewer answers. When did the revolution begin; when did it end? Did it ever end? What were its impacts? Did it succeed, or fail? Or both? The unpopular view, one suspects, is that it’s far too early to answer those questions. Any historian who looks at events considered to have been “revolutions” in the annals of the stories of mankind is unlikely to have come to much of an accurate assessment about those events, until decades later. Indeed, in many cases, much longer than that. Historians looking at the events of the French Revolutionary period, which stretched over a decade in the eighteenth century, would have no doubt disagreed as to the nature of that revolution, if they’d been looking at it in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries. They probably differed tremendously as to the causes: when it ended, what could be “counted” as part of the revolution, and so on. It would take decades before historians would come to even a majority opinion of one sort or the other on the success or failure of the French Revolution, because the impacts of it were not necessarily so clear at the time.