دانلود کتاب اجرای اکوکشید – قدرت، پلیس و نظامی‌سازی سیاره‌ای

Regardless of what color policemen [sic] are, the suits they wear, what they call themselves, they are all the same. They are the same for the simple reason that a policeman exists in society as a behavior control mechanism. The basic principles of what is done, how it is done, and why it is done are the same. —Lauren Goin, US Agency for International Development, Office of Public Safety Director, 1973–74. The current conjuncture of ecological crises goes far beyond climate change, which has come to dominate media headlines and intergovernmental negotiations. The planet is burning, flooding, and heating, habitats are being destroyed and degraded, and species are disappearing at unprecedented rates (Hickel, 2020). The effects of these crises are increasingly apparent in the Global North, where human and nonhuman lives and livelihoods are being lost through floods and record heatwaves (Oltermann, 2021; Bekiempis, 2021). Meanwhile, communities in the Global South, and particularly indigenous communities, have been witnessing for centuries the effects of anthropogenic climatic changes (Hanaˇcek et al., 2022), human-induced ecological degradation (Peluso and Watts, 2001), and ecocide (Short, 2016; Crook and Short, 2021). Postponing adequate and coherent action is no longer an option. Ecological degradation and ecocide are the outcome of colonialcapitalist development (Hickel, 2020). This entails a long history of exploitation, extraction, enclosure, and dispossession (Rodeny, 2009/1972; Garleano, 1997/1973) which continues through the guise of “green” investment, sustainable development, and low-carbon technologies today (Fairhead et al., 2012; Sovacool, 2021; Dunlap, 2021a). Acts of ecological degradation (such as deforestation, mining, or dredge fishing), loss of land, pollution, and emissions accumulate on a global scale, spawning climate catastrophe and mass extinction. It is this deliberate destruction and degradation of ecosystems, which has cumulative climatic effects, that we refer to when we speak about ecocide. The term ecocide has emerged from discussions on the purposeful ecological destruction of the jungles in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam to eliminate the shelter of the North Vietnamese army (Short, 2016). The US government deployed carpet-bombing1 and used massive amounts of napalm, Agent Orange,2 and other chemical weapons to eliminate the jungle as a means of defeating the North Vietnamese (Short, 2016). To get an idea of the scale, Clayton R. Koppes (1985: 131) reminds us that from “1962 to 1971, the United States Air Force dropped 18.85 million gallons of herbicides – about two-thirds of it Agent Orange – on the forests and crops of South Vietnam”. This covered an area of 3.6 million acres, 8.6% of the country’s total land surface (Koppes, 1985). Since the 1970s, campaigners have fought to include ecocide into international law (Higgins, 2012). Despite its inclusion into drafts of the Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind [sic] and being “considered as a missing method of genocide that could be written into the Genocide Convention” (Short, 2016: 49), in the end, ecocide is still not part of any international legal framework.